"...contend earnestly for the faith which was once for all delivered to the saints."- Jude 1:3
Showing posts with label definition. Show all posts
Showing posts with label definition. Show all posts

Monday, January 1, 2024

Omnibenevolence and Calvinism

 (posted 2026/01/23)

I believe a Calvinist can simply "bite the bullet" and say that the Calvinistic God is not omnibenevolent. However, I don't think a Calvinist needs to do so. The modern conception of omnibenevolence seems to be a recent philosophical construct based on perfect being theology, rather than being attenuated by Biblical teaching. The project of perfect being theology is often infected by finite human reasoning rather than being informed by Biblical revelation.There's this claim by some:

QUOTE //As I've mentioned before the 'omnibenevolence' leg of the stool has no real existence prior to the nineteenth century; nobody attributes the term "omnibenevolence" to God prior to that. Indeed, even in the nineteenth century, the term 'omnibenevolence' is usually used in ways that are too weak to formulate any sort of problem of evil, since the term originally seems to have meant merely, 'wishing everyone well' with all the vagueness and flexibility that can have, and which is, in any case, hardly a distinctively divine attribute.//END QUOTE

 https://branemrys.blogspot.com/2011/07/omnibenevolence.html


I don't know if the claim is true or not. But I don't think omnibenevolence should be understood in the way it's often nowadays interpreted and used. Namely, to mean omnibeneficient. The Latin roots being "omnis" (all, every); "bene" (well, good); "volens" (willing, wishing); "facere" (to do, to make). Having a good will toward someone doesn't necessitate that you will make it the case, or give or do for them 1. the highest degree in quality and quantity of, and 2. every kind of good thing. How could God do that logically and still create kinds/types/species/genera? It's logically impossible. Even omnipotence cannot instantiate or actualize contradictions. If we took omnibenevolence to mean omnibeneficent, and actually took that literally, then every individual creature would have to have all benefits, blessings and abilities. Every creature would have to be able to breath underwater like a fish, fly like a bird, be as fast as a cheetah, be as soft as a kitten, armored hard like a crocodile, as small as a bacteria, as large as a whale, be physical like animals, be immaterial like angels, and have angelic intelligence. They would need to be as beautiful and handsome as all men and women. There wouldn't even be distinct sexes. No males or females. But then that would take away from God's creativity and would violate the "principle of plenitude." Meaning the idea that God likes to express His infinite creativity with as much [or at least very much] variety in the world or worlds which He creates or instantiates.


My proposed definition of divine omnibenevolence merely requires: 1. God only does good things, and never does any bad things. That whatever God does is always and only good. 2. This would also makes sense if there's some truth to the concept of evil as being (among other things) privatio boni [a neo-platonic insight co-opted by some early Christians]. Whereby goodness is associated with being, and that one way evil can be defined is by conceiving it as the privation of, or negation of, or twisting of, or perversion of the good. The traditional analogy would be that goodness is like a dress, and evil would be the moth eaten holes in the dress that are contrary to the intended original design. Such that evil has no positive ontological existence. Like how shadows are real in some sense, but don't truly exist. Same thing with the cold. You can feel the cold during winter, but technically, coldness is the absence of heat. As shadows are the absence or diminution of light resulting from the blocking of direct light. 3. Finally, divine omnibenevolence would mean that all goodness and good things find their source in God. As the hymns say, God is the "fount of every blessing" and God is "ever blessing, ever blessed."


My conception of omnibenevolence rejects the idea that God must be supremely and equally loving and gracious to all creatures in the exact same ways, degrees and kinds. As a Calvinist, I emphatically deny that God's "only" or even primary end is the pleasure/benefit of His sentient creatures. It is one of God's goals after God's greatest goal of seeking His own glory. Something which would be sinful for creatures, but proper, righteous and appropriate for God to do. Were God to have a different goal other than seeking the glory the the supremely perfect Being [namely God], God would then be committing idolatry. 

Christianity is more central to my web of beliefs in my worldview than the specific brand of Christianity I hold to [which includes a Calvinistic soteriology]. Calvinism is slightly less central. It's a second tier, and not a first tier issue. So I'm more willing to give up my Calvinism than my Christianity. But on the assumption of the truth of Calvinism (or something very much like it), rather than loving all entities equally and being beneFICENT to all entities equally, my proposed definition of omnibenevolence is that God has a beneVOLENT attitude toward all entities. The latter seems to be perfectly consistent with God loving some things more or less than other things. Which makes room for Calvinism's doctrine of predestination. At least versions of Calvinism that affirm Common Grace, and a univeral good will toward all creatures to some degree or another.





Sunday, November 7, 2021

Atheist Stephen Woodford on the Definition(s) of "Atheism"

 

Even though I'm a Van Tillian presuppositionalist, I'm not dogmatic on the standard view among Van Tillians that all humans know God exists. Though, I do believe that all humans (at the very least) ought to know that God exists. For why I take this position, see this article, Do All Men Know that God Exists? by Paul Manata.

Below is (atheist) Stephen excellent video on the definition(s) of atheism which I highly recommend. He points out that in philosophical circles/communities atheism is defined as the belief in the non-existence of God/gods. While in non-philosophical circles/communities it's usually defined as a lack of a belief in God/gods. See also my blog where I quote some definitions of atheism from philosophical works HERE


The 100% REAL Definition of Atheism
https://youtu.be/ftDSaVLDDK8




Wednesday, December 4, 2013

Definitions of Atheism



In times past for the sake of clarity, precision and dialogue I had no problem with defining "atheism" as a lack of belief in God/Goddess/gods/goddesses. I'm still willing to use that definition for the sake of discussion. However, I'm not longer certain it aids in precision. In fact, I now lean toward that popular definition as making things less precise. See the podcast I link to below where Justin Schieber interviews "Ozymandias Ramses II". Contrary to that popular contemporary definition, in the European philosophical and theological tradition of the last few hundred years atheism was defined as a belief in the non-existence of gods. Only in recent years has it been defined as a lack of belief in gods. It was within that European tradition that atheist crusader Charles Bradlaugh first precisely defined atheism as a lack of a belief in gods in his "A Plea for Atheism" (1864). He had noted elsewhere that "no position is more continuously misrepresented" than atheism. He stated: "Atheism is without God. It does not assert no God." It was probably Thomas Henry Huxley who first to coined the term "agnostic" in 1869.

Modern atheists distinguish between positive atheism and negative atheism (also called strong and weak atheism). Positive atheism is the positive belief that there are no gods. Negative atheism is merely the lack of a belief in gods. Depending on one's perspective, negative atheism can be seen as a form of agnosticism or agnosticism a form of negative atheism. While some positive atheists claim they can disprove ALL gods, knowledgeable positive atheists deny that one must be able to prove the non-existence of all gods and supernatural entities (even if one can disprove some). According to some estimates there have been over 2,500 different gods and supernatural entities believed in and/or seriously described and recorded in human history. To disprove all of them would be an enormous inductive task. But even if, hypothetically, one were successful at disproving all those that does nothing to address unknown, unrevealed or un-thought of supernatural entities. In many cases it's very difficult to prove universal negatives. This is especially true when it comes to supernatural entities because they have a wide variety of claimed attributes, powers, characteristics and personalities. For example, one can easily disprove the existence of gods that actually live on Mount Olympus. But what if Mount Olympus is symbolic of something spiritual and immaterial? When it comes to atheists, for all they know the finite god Zeus does exist but doesn't literally and physically rule from Olympus.

In recent years George H. Smith's book Atheism: The Case Against God was one of the most influential books to disseminate and make popular the definition of atheism as merely a lack of belief in God/Goddess/gods/goddesses.

Here's a link to an article by Smith on Defining Atheism

It is only ignorant atheists who claim that atheism only ever meant a lack of belief in gods. The following will be a list of definitions from reputable (sometimes even authoritative) sources which demonstrate that atheism can mean and has (at least in the past) meant a belief in the non-existence of gods. Some of these sources are contemporary rather than antiquated works. Apparently, these sources are still influenced by the European philosophical and theological tradition I mentioned earlier.


"According to the most usual definition, an atheist is a person who maintains that there is no God, that is, that the sentence "God exists" expresses a false proposition." - Paul Edwards in Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume I page 175


"Atheism is the view that there is no God." - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://www.iep.utm.edu/atheism/


" 'Atheism' means the negation of theism, the denial of the existence of God." - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/fall2008/entries/atheism-agnosticism/

...Therefore, in philosophy at least, atheism should be construed as the proposition that God does not exist (or, more broadly, the proposition that there are no gods). -Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/

"Atheism is ostensibly the doctrine that there is no God." -- Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2005)


"Atheism (from Greek: a + theos + ismos "not believing in god") refers in its broadest sense to a denial of theism (the belief in the existence of a single deity or deities)."- New World Encyclopedia
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/atheism


"atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable."- Encyclopædia Britannica
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism


"ATHEISM (from Gr. ἀ-, privative, and θεός, God), literally a system of belief which denies the existence of God. The term as generally used, however, is highly ambiguous." - Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34209/34209-h/34209-h.htm#ar219


“Atheism is the deliberate, definite, dogmatic denial of the existence of God. It is not satisfied with appropriate truth or relative truth, but claims to know the ins and outs of the game being quite clearly the absolute denial of the absolute.” - Etienne Borne

Atheism, from the Greek a-theos ("no-god"), is the philosophical position that God doesn't exist. It is distinguished from agnosticism, the argument that it is impossible to know whether God exists or not (Academic American Encyclopedia).

Atheism, system of thought developed around the denial of God's existence. Atheism, so defined, first appeared during the Enlightenment, the age of reason (Random House Encyclopedia-1977).

Atheism (from the Greek a-, not, and theos, god) is the view that there are no gods. A widely used sense denotes merely not believing in God and is consistent with agnosticism. A stricter sense denotes a belief that there is no God, the use has become the standard one (Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy-1995).

Atheism is the doctrine that there is no God. Some atheists support this claim by arguments, but these arguments are usually directed against the Christian concept of God, and are largely irrelevant to other possible gods (Oxford Companion to Philosophy-1995).

Atheism is disbelief in God (Introduction to Philosophy, Perry and Bratman, Oxford University Press-1986).

Atheism from the Greek a (not) plus theos (god). The doctrine of disbelief in a supreme being (Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, William Reese, HumanitiesPress-1996).

Atheism (Greek, a- [private prefix] + theos, god) is the view that there is no divine being, no God (Dictionary of Philosophy, Thomas Mautner, Editor-1996).

Atheism is the belief that God doesn't exist (The World Book Encyclopedia-1991).

Atheism, Greek atheos-Disbelief in, or denial of, the existence of God (Oxford English Dictionary-1989)

Atheism, commonly speaking, is the denial of God. Theism (from the Greek theos, God) is belief in or conceptualization of God, atheism is the rejection of such belief or conceptualization.In the ancient world atheism was rarely a clearly formulated position (Encyclopedia Americana-1990).

Atheism, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. Atheism is to be distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open whether there is a god or not, professing to find the question unanswerable, for the atheist, the non-existence of god is a certainty (The New Encyclopedia Britannia-1993).

According to the most usual definition, an atheist is a person who maintains that there is no god…(rejects eccentric definitions of the word) (The Encyclopedia of Philosophy-1967).

Atheism is the doctrine that God does not exist, that belief in the existence of God is a false belief. The word God here refers to a divine being regarded as the independent creator of the world, a being superlatively powerful, wise and good (Encyclopedia of Religion-1987).

Atheism (Greek and Roman): Atheism is a dogmatic creed, consisting in the denial of every kind of supernatural power. Atheism has not often been seriously maintained at any period of civilized thought (Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics-Vol II).

 Atheism is the rejection of theism: a-theism. Atheists maintain some or all of the following claims: that theism is false; that theism is unbelievable; that theism is rationally unacceptable; that theism is morally unacceptable. G. Oppy, "Arguments for Atheism," S. Bullivant & M. Ruse, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (OUP, 2014), 53.
See also how these three intelligent atheists Justin Schieber, Ben Watkins and Ozymandias argue for why the new definition is inappropriate.
https://realatheology.wordpress.com/2017/05/31/ra010-interview-ozymandias-ramses-ii-on-atheism-and-lacktheism/
I've archived this podcast HERE.

Some quotes taken HERE


See this YouTube audio with William Lane Craig



Reasonable Faith podcast with William Lane Craig on the definition of "atheism"
http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the-definition-that-will-not-die

Atheist Stephen Woodford on the Definition(s) of "Atheism"


Book Reviews of Recent Atheist Authors 
by Christian Apologists
http://misclane.blogspot.com/2013/09/book-reviews-of-recent-atheist-authors.html